ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY EDUCATION AT NGOs, PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN MUZAFFARABAD
Abstract
This research is a comparative study between three types of primary education schools in the region of Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir. The paper draws comparisons between NGO, Private, and Public schools based on quality of education, access, and affordability. The factor of quality of education was drawn from Pakistan National Education Policy of 2009 while access and affordability were added based on the chosen region. The research has been conducted through semi structured interviews with parents, principal (School Administrator) and teachers. The results show that NGO schools displayed good results for quality of education in terms of infrastructure and textbooks. The public schools are perceived to have better qualified and trained teachers but our research showed contrasting results at the primary level. The public schools also lacked most basic facilities and were very low on quality. The private schools struck the middle ground with mediocre facilities, quality and fee structure.
Keywords: Muzaffarabad; primary education; ngo Schools; private schools; government/public schools; national education policy Pakistan
REFERENCES
AEPM 2014. The Pakistan Education Atlas 2013. The Pakistan Education Atlas. Islamabad Academy of Educational Planning and Management.
ALDERMAN, H., ORAZEM, P. F. & PATERNO, E. M. 2001. School quality, School Cost, and the Public/private School Choices of Low-income Households in Pakistan. Journal of Human Resources, 36, 304-326.
AMJAD, R. 2012. A Comparative Analysis of The Role Of the Private Sector as Education Providers in Improving Issues of Access And Quality. Lahore Development Policy Research Centre, Lahore University of Management Sciences
AMJAD, R. & MACLEOD, G. 2014. Academic Effectiveness of Private, Public and Private–public Partnership Schools in Pakistan. International Journal of Educational Development, 37, 22-31.
ANDRABI, T., DAS, J. & KHWAJA, A. I. 2008. A Dime a Day: The Possibilities and Limits of Private Schooling in Pakistan. Comparative Education Review, 52, 329-355.
ANDRABI, T. R. S., DAS, J. & KHWAJA, A. I. 2006. A Dime a Day: The Possibilities and Limits of Private Schooling in Pakistan. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Washington DC.
ARIF, G. M. & SAQIB, N. 2003. Production of Cognitive and Life Skills in Public, Private, and NGO Schools in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 42, 1-28.
BARBER, S. M. 2010. Education Reform in Pakistan: This Time it’s Going to be Different. Islamabad Pakistan Education Task Force
BATLEY, R. & ROSE, P. 2010. Collaboration in Delivering Education: Relations Between Governments and NGOs in South Asia. Development in Practice, 20, 579-585.
CHAUDHURY, N. & PARAJULI, D. 2006. Conditional Cash Transfers and Female Schooling: The Impact of the Female School Stipend Program on Public School Enrollments in Punjab, Pakistan. Applied Economics, 42, 3565-3583.
COX, D. & JIMENEZ, E. 1990. The Relative Effectiveness of Private and Public Schools: Evidence from Two Developing Countries. Journal of Development Economics, 34, 99-121.
GOP 2009. National Education Policy Pakisan In: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, G. O. P. (ed.). Islamabad
GOP 2013. National Plan of Action 2013-16: Achieving Universal Primary Education in Pakistan In: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, G. O. P. (ed.). Islamabad: Ministry of Education Training and Standards in Higher Education
GULBAZ ALI KHAN, M. A. & SHAH, S. A. 2011. Causes of Primary School Drop out Among Rural Girls in Pakistan. Islamabad Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI).
I-SAPS 2010. Private Sector Education in Pakistan: Mapping and Musing. Islamabad Institute of Social and Policy Sciences (I-SAPS).
KHAN, A. H. & MAHMOOD, N. 1997. Education in Pakistan: Fifty Years of Neglect The Pakistan development review, 36, 647-667.
KHAN, S. R., KAZMI, S. & LATIF, Z. 1999. The State of Basic Education in Pakistan: A Qualitative, Comparative Institutional Analysis, Lahore Sustainable Development Policy Institute.
KHAN, S. R., KAZMI, S. & LATIF, Z. 2005. A Comparative Institutional Analysis of Government, NGO and Private Rural Primary Schooling in Pakistan. The European Journal of Development Research, 17, 199-223.
LLOYD, C. B., METE, C. & SATHAR, Z. A. 2005. The Effect of Gender Differences in Primary School Access, Type, and Quality on the Decision to Enroll in Rural Pakistan. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 53, 685-710.
LYND, D. 2007. The Education System in Pakistan: Assessment of the National Education Census, Islamabad UNESCO.
MUSARRAT, R., ALI, G. & AZHAR, M. S. 2012. 18th Amendment and its Impacts on Pakistan’s Politics. Journal of Sociological Research, 3, Pages 1-7.
PBS 2013 Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) 2011-12. In: STATISTICS, P. B. O. (ed.). Islamabad Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Govenment of Pakistan
SHAHEEN, M. A. 2008. Earthquake Effects on Educational Institutions and Libraries of Azad Kashmir: An Appraisal. Library Review, 57, 449-456.
STERN, J. 2000. Pakistan's Jihad culture. Foreign Affairs, 79, 115-126.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 International Online Journal of Primary Education (IOJPE) ISSN: 1300-915X
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright and permissions
The manuscripts submitted to International Online Journal of Primary Education (IOJPE) for publication should be original studies that were not published before or not submitted to anywhere else for publication.
Authors who submit their manuscript to International Online Journal of Primary Education (IOJPE) should acknowledge that they agree to transfer the copyright of their studies to IOJPE. All Open Access articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
All articles published in International Online Journal of Primary Education (IOJPE) are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
Any further distribution or use of content published under CC BY 4.0 must contain the author(s) and the published article’s title, and journal citation. All articles published in IOJPE under a CC BY License may be used for Text and Data Mining purposes, subject to the conditions of the CC BY License terms. The license allows for commercial use. IOJPE allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator.
The journal’s objective is to disseminate articles published are free. Under the Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.00), the journal allows the user to permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, and even use the publication for commercial activities, provided that the original work is properly cited.
Open access is an approach that eases the interdisciplinary communication and encourages cooperation among different disciplines. IOJPE, therefore, contributes to its own field by providing more access to its articles and a more transparent review process.